History: linking Maureen Baker
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== History ==
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== History ==
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The men’s liberation movement, as recognized by feminists and [[Gender studies|gender scholars]], developed mostly among heterosexual, middle-class men in Britain and North America as a response to the cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s, including the growth of the [[feminist movement]], [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], [[Women’s liberation movement|women’s]] and [[gay liberation]] movements, and the [[sexual revolution]].<ref name=”Baker1980″>{{cite journal|authors=Baker, Maureen & Bakker, J. I. Hans|title=The Double-Bind of the Middle Class Male: Men’s Liberation and the Male Sex Role|journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies
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The men’s liberation movement, as recognized by feminists and [[Gender studies|gender scholars]], developed mostly among heterosexual, middle-class men in Britain and North America as a response to the cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s, including the growth of the [[feminist movement]], [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], [[Women’s liberation movement|women’s]] and [[gay liberation]] movements, and the [[sexual revolution]].<ref name=”Baker1980″>{{cite journal|authors=Baker, Maureen & Bakker, J. I. Hans|author-link=Maureen Baker (sociologist)|date=Autumn 1980|title=The Double-Bind of the Middle Class Male: Men’s Liberation and the Male Sex Role|journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies|volume=11|issue=4|pages=547–561|doi=10.3138/jcfs.11.4.547}}</ref><ref name=”Messner1998″>{{cite journal|last1=Messner|first1=Michael A.|title=The Limits of ‘The Male Sex Role’: An Analysis of the Men’s Liberation and Men’s Rights Movements’ Discourse|journal=Gender and Society|date=June 1998|volume=12|issue=3|pages=255–276|doi=10.1177/0891243298012003002|s2cid=143890298}}</ref><ref name=”Carrigan1985″>{{cite journal|authors=Carrigan, Tim; Connell, Bob & Lee, John|title=Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity|journal=Theory and Society|date=September 1985|volume=14|issue=5|pages=551–604|doi=10.1007/BF00160017|s2cid=143967899}}</ref> Jack Sawyer published an article titled “On Male Liberation” in ”Liberation” journal in the autumn of 1970, in which he discussed the negative effects of stereotypes of male [[sex role]]s. 1971 saw the birth of men’s discussion groups across the United States, as well as the formation by [[Warren Farrell]] of the National Task Force on the Masculine Mystique within the [[National Organization for Women]].<ref name=”Ridinger2000″>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Men’s Movement |encyclopedia=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |year=2000 |publisher=St. James Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |pages=344–345 |editor1-last=Pendergast |editor1-first=Sara |editor2-last=Pendergast |editor2-first=Tom |volume=3}}</ref> Robert Lewis and Joseph Pleck sourced the birth of the movement to the publication of five books on the subject in late 1974 and early 1975, which was followed by a surge of publications targeted to both lay and more academic audiences.<ref name=”Lewis1979″>{{cite journal|authors=Lewis, Robert A. & Pleck, Joseph H.|title=Men’s Roles in the Family|journal=The Family Coordinator |date=October 1979 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=429–432|doi=10.2307/583501 |jstor=583501}}</ref>
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The movement led to the formation of conferences, [[consciousness raising]] groups, men’s centers, and other resources across the United States.<ref name=”Lewis1981″>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Robert A.|title=Men’s Liberation and the Men’s Movement: Implications for Counselors|journal=The Personnel and Guidance Journal|date=December 1981|volume=60|issue=4|pages=256–259|doi=10.1002/j.2164-4918.1981.tb00295.x}}</ref> The male liberation movement as a single self-conscious [[liberal feminist]] movement dissolved during the late 1970s. By the early 1980s, members of the male liberation movement had fully split into two entities. The members who had placed greater emphasis on the ‘cost of male gender roles to men’ than the ‘cost of male gender roles to women’ had formed the [[men’s rights movement]] focusing on issues faced by men. The members who saw [[sexism]] exclusively as a system of men oppressing women rejected the language of sex roles and created [[pro-feminist]] men’s organizations focused primarily on addressing sexual violence against women.<ref name=”Messner1998″ />
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The movement led to the formation of conferences, [[consciousness raising]] groups, men’s centers, and other resources across the United States.<ref name=”Lewis1981″>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Robert A.|title=Men’s Liberation and the Men’s Movement: Implications for Counselors|journal=The Personnel and Guidance Journal|date=December 1981|volume=60|issue=4|pages=256–259|doi=10.1002/j.2164-4918.1981.tb00295.x}}</ref> The male liberation movement as a single self-conscious [[liberal feminist]] movement dissolved during the late 1970s. By the early 1980s, members of the male liberation movement had fully split into two entities. The members who had placed greater emphasis on the ‘cost of male gender roles to men’ than the ‘cost of male gender roles to women’ had formed the [[men’s rights movement]] focusing on issues faced by men. The members who saw [[sexism]] exclusively as a system of men oppressing women rejected the language of sex roles and created [[pro-feminist]] men’s organizations focused primarily on addressing sexual violence against women.<ref name=”Messner1998″ />
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