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==History==
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==History==
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===Antiquity===
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===Antiquity===
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The city of Samosata was refounded sometime before 245 BC on the previous [[Syro-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite]] site of Kummuh by the [[Orontid dynasty|Orontid]] king of [[Kingdom of Sophene|Sophene]], [[Sames I|Samos I]].{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Hellenistic]] dynasties, such as [[Kingdom of Cappadocia|Cappadocia]], [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]].{{sfn|Michels|2021|pp=478–479}} The city was built in a “sub-[[Achaemenid|Achaemenid]]” Persian architectural form, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in [[Greater Armenia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2021|p=84}}; see also {{harvnb|Canepa|2018|p=110}}</ref> Naming cities such as Samosata ([[Middle Persian]] ”*Sāmašād”; [[Old Persian]] ”*Sāmašiyāti-”) the “joy of” or “happiness of” was a Orontid (and later [[Artaxiad]]) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=82}} Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=110}}
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[[File:Samosata- Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Hadrian]] from Samosata]]
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[[File:Samosata- Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Hadrian]] from Samosata]]
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The city of Samosata was refounded sometime before 245 BC on the previous [[Syro-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite]] site of Kummuh by the [[Orontid dynasty|Orontid]] king of [[Kingdom of Sophene|Sophene]], [[Sames I|Samos I]].{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Hellenistic]] dynasties, such as [[Kingdom of Cappadocia|Cappadocia]], [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]].{{sfn|Michels|2021|pp=478–479}} The city was built in a “sub-[[Achaemenid|Achaemenid]]” Persian architectural form, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in [[Greater Armenia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2021|p=84}}; see also {{harvnb|Canepa|2018|p=110}}</ref> Naming cities such as Samosata ([[Middle Persian]] ”*Sāmašād”; [[Old Persian]] ”*Sāmašiyāti-”) the “joy of” or “happiness of” was a Orontid (and later [[Artaxiad]]) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=82}} Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=110}}
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Like other early-Orontid royal residences, Samosata experienced a sudden shift in its architectural style under the Orontids of [[Kingdom of Commagene|Commagene]] due to their close involvement in the [[Greco-Roman world]].{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=84}} During this period, Samosata was most likely populated by a variety of peoples, descended from [[Syrians]]/[[Arameans]]/[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Neo-Hittites]], [[Armenians]], and [[Persians]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=74}} Samosata was amongst the places where its ruler [[Antiochus I Theos of Commagene|Antiochus I Theos]] ({{reign|70|31|era=BC}}) founded sanctuaries that contained inscriptions about his cult as well as reliefs of his ”[[dexiosis]]” with [[Apollo]]-[[Mithra]]s.{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=77}} In 73 AD, Samosata as well as the rest of Commagene was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]]. It may have been during this event that the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] letter of [[Mara bar Serapion]] was composed. The letter makes mention of an [[Aramaic]]-speaking elite in Samosata that studied [[Greek literature]] and [[Stoicism|Stoic philosophy]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=87}} Under the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] ({{reign|117|138}}), Samasota given metropolis status along with [[Damascus]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=177}}
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Like other early-Orontid royal residences, Samosata experienced a sudden shift in its architectural style under the Orontids of [[Kingdom of Commagene|Commagene]] due to their close involvement in the [[Greco-Roman world]].{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=84}} During this period, Samosata was most likely populated by a variety of peoples, descended from [[Syrians]]/[[Arameans]]/[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Neo-Hittites]], [[Armenians]], and [[Persians]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=74}} Samosata was amongst the places where its ruler [[Antiochus I Theos of Commagene|Antiochus I Theos]] ({{reign|70|31|era=BC}}) founded sanctuaries that contained inscriptions about his cult as well as reliefs of his ”[[dexiosis]]” with [[Apollo]]-[[Mithra]]s.{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=77}} In 73 AD, Samosata as well as the rest of Commagene was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]]. It may have been during this event that the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] letter of [[Mara bar Serapion]] was composed. The letter makes mention of an [[Aramaic]]-speaking elite in Samosata that studied [[Greek literature]] and [[Stoicism|Stoic philosophy]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=87}} Under the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] ({{reign|117|138}}), Samasota given metropolis status along with [[Damascus]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=177}}
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[[Roman legion]]s were later placed in Samosata to discourage the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651) from attacking it. In 260, it was the first city that was sacked by the Sasanian emperor [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}) following his capture of the Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] ({{reign|253|260}}).{{sfn|Gyselen|2010|p=76}}
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[[Roman legion]]s were later placed in Samosata to discourage the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651) from attacking it. In 260, it was the first city that was sacked by the Sasanian emperor [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}) following his capture of the Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] ({{reign|253|260}}).{{sfn|Gyselen|2010|p=76}}
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It was at Samosata that [[Julian the Apostate|Julian II]] had ships made in his expedition against [[Shapur II]], and it was a natural crossing-place in the struggle between [[Heraclius]] and [[Khosrau I of Persia|Chosroes]] in the 7th century.
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It was at Samosata that [[Julian the Apostate|Julian II]] had ships made in his expedition against [[Shapur II]], and it was a natural crossing-place in the struggle between [[Heraclius]] and [[Khosrau I of Persia|Chosroes]] in the 7th century.
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===Medieval history===
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===Medieval history===
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{{rough translation section|Turkish}}
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{{rough translation section|Turkish}}
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The Arabs seized Commagene and took over control of the city from the Byzantines in 640. [[Safwan bin Muattal]] died and was buried in Samosata. In June 966, Samosata was the venue of an exchange of prisoners between the Byzantine Emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] and his Muslim foe [[Sayf al-Dawla]].{{sfn|Fattori|2013|p=117}}
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The Arabs seized Commagene and took over control of the city from the Byzantines in 640. [[Safwan bin Muattal]] died and was buried in Samosata. In June 966, Samosata was the venue of an exchange of prisoners between the Byzantine Emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] and his Muslim foe [[Sayf al-Dawla]].{{sfn|Fattori|2013|p=117}}
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