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”’Xavier Bettel”’ ({{IPA-lb|ˈksɑvieː ˈbətəl}}; born 3 March 1973) is a Luxembourg politician who has served as [[List of prime ministers of Luxembourg|Prime Minister of Luxembourg]] since 2013. He previously was [[List of mayors of Luxembourg City|Mayor of Luxembourg City]] and a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+Administration/Bourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html |title=Xavier Bettel |publisher=Ville de Luxembourg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019084445/http://www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+Administration/Bourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=CV>{{cite web|title=Xavier Bettel|url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV|work=Bettel, Xavier: Biographie|publisher=Gouvernement du Grand Duché de Luxembourg|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227094906/http://www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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”’Xavier Bettel”’ ({{IPA-lb|ˈksɑvieː ˈbətəl}}; born 3 March 1973) is a Luxembourg lawyer and politician who has served as [[List of prime ministers of Luxembourg|Prime Minister of Luxembourg]] since 2013. He previously was [[List of mayors of Luxembourg City|Mayor of Luxembourg City]] and a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+Administration/Bourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html |title=Xavier Bettel |publisher=Ville de Luxembourg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019084445/http://www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+Administration/Bourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=CV>{{cite web|title=Xavier Bettel|url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV|work=Bettel, Xavier: Biographie|publisher=Gouvernement du Grand Duché de Luxembourg|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227094906/http://www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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Bettel is a member of the [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]] (DP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/xavier-bettel-gay-luxembourg-_n_4384748.html|title=Xavier Bettel Is Luxembourg’s First Gay Prime Minister|last=Reuters|date=4 December 2013|work=Huffington Post|access-date=20 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[2018 Luxembourg general election|2018 general election]] he became the first [[List of openly LGBT heads of government|openly gay prime minister]] in the world to be reelected for a second term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Emma |title=Xavier Bettel asked to form next Luxembourg government |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/xavier-bettel-asked-to-form-next-luxembourg-government/ |work=POLITICO |date=16 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bettel appointed ‘formateur’ of new government |url=https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/35309-bettel-appointed-formateur-of-new-government |work=luxtimes.lu |date=16 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
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Bettel is a member of the [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]] (DP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/xavier-bettel-gay-luxembourg-_n_4384748.html|title=Xavier Bettel Is Luxembourg’s First Gay Prime Minister|last=Reuters|date=4 December 2013|work=Huffington Post|access-date=20 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[2018 Luxembourg general election|2018 general election]] he became the first [[List of openly LGBT heads of government|openly gay prime minister]] in the world to be reelected for a second term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Emma |title=Xavier Bettel asked to form next Luxembourg government |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/xavier-bettel-asked-to-form-next-luxembourg-government/ |work=POLITICO |date=16 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bettel appointed ‘formateur’ of new government |url=https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/35309-bettel-appointed-formateur-of-new-government |work=luxtimes.lu |date=16 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
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==Early life==
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==Early life==
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Bettel was born on 3 March 1973 in [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg (canton)|Luxembourg Canton]], [[Luxembourg]]. His father, Claude Bettel, was a [[wine]] merchant and his mother, Aniela, is of French-Russian-Polish-Jewish descent,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/news/luxembourgs-pm-refuses-to-see-european-values-erased-with-tipp-ex/|title=Luxembourg’s PM refuses to see European values ‘erased with tipp-ex’|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> and a grandniece of the composer [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/10/26/xavier-bettel-un-jeune-liberal-presse|title = Xavier Bettel, un jeune libéral pressé|date = 26 October 2013|work = Le Républicain Lorrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revue.lu/aktuelles/vielleicht-nicht-der-beliebteste-premier/|title=Vielleicht nicht der beliebteste Premier|date=18 December 2013|website=revue.lu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202434/http://www.revue.lu/aktuelles/vielleicht-nicht-der-beliebteste-premier/|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://women-leaders.eu/Uploads/Links/Doc/94_1_Aniela%20Bettel_Life%20is%20a%20precious%20gift_Final.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224205/http://women-leaders.eu/Uploads/Links/Doc/94_1_Aniela%20Bettel_Life%20is%20a%20precious%20gift_Final.doc |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> After completing his secondary school studies at the ”Lycée Hélène Boucher” in [[Thionville]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brach |first1=Jean-Luc |title=Quand l’IT rencontre l’espace |trans-title=When IT meets space |url=https://www.itone.lu/actualites/quand-lit-rencontre-lespace |website=www.itone.lu |access-date=18 July 2019 |language=fr |date=25 October 2016 |quote=Le Lycée Hélène Boucher de Thionville est LE lycée de la Grande Région. Grand nombre d’élèves Luxembourgeois et Belges y font ou y ont fait leurs études. Xavier Bettel, entre autre, a été l’un d’entre eux.}}</ref> Bettel obtained a master’s degree in Public and [[European Law]] and a [[Master of Advanced Studies|DEA]] in [[Political Science]] and [[Public Law]] from [[Nancy 2 University]] in [[Nancy, France]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/10040671|title = Xavier Bettel, un “fêtard” qui se remarquait|date = 5 November 2013|work = L’Essentiel Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.lessentiel.lu/de/news/dossier/neuwahlen/story/Wie-Xavier-Bettel-als-Student-Party-machte-29229643|title = Wie Xavier Bettel als Student Party machte|date = 5 November 2013|work = L’Essentiel Online}}</ref> He also studied [[maritime law]] as well as [[canon law]] at [[Aristotle University]] in [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]], where he was studying thanks to the [[Erasmus Programme]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.programmallp.it/lkmw_file/LLP///erasmus/in%20evidenza/Famous%20Alumni2013/famous_en.pdf |title=Well-known Erasmus students – inspiring careers |page=7 |publisher=Programma LLP}}</ref> For four years in the early 2000s he hosted ”Sonndes em 8”, a weekly talkshow, on the now-defunct private [[T.TV]] television network.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp5xGAkHFww |title=TV Talkshow “Sonndes em 8” [1/2] (2005) |date=2005 |publisher=chienguidelux via [[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/luxemburg-finanzmetropole-im-modellbahn-look-a-468943.html |title=Luxemburg:Finanzmetropole im Modellbahn-Look |first=Susanne |last=Strätz |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Der Spiegel}}</ref> In 2017, he also received an Honorary doctorate from [[Sacred Heart University Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delano.lu/d/detail/news/luxembourgs-prime-minister-becomes-doctor/148510|title=Luxembourg’s Prime Minister becomes “Doctor” – Delano – Luxembourg in English|date=16 June 2017|website=Delano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/xavier_bettel/status/875429220293500929?lang=en|title=Honoured that I have been awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by the Sacred Heart University Luxembourg on their 25. anniversarypic.twitter.com/i5RbQynZzo|first=Xavier|last=Bettel|date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
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Bettel was born on 3 March 1973 in [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg (canton)|Luxembourg Canton]], [[Luxembourg]]. His father, Claude Bettel, was a [[wine]] merchant and his mother, Aniela, is of French-Russian-Polish-Jewish descent,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/news/luxembourgs-pm-refuses-to-see-european-values-erased-with-tipp-ex/|title=Luxembourg’s PM refuses to see European values ‘erased with tipp-ex’|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> and a grandniece of the composer [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/10/26/xavier-bettel-un-jeune-liberal-presse|title = Xavier Bettel, un jeune libéral pressé|date = 26 October 2013|work = Le Républicain Lorrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revue.lu/aktuelles/vielleicht-nicht-der-beliebteste-premier/|title=Vielleicht nicht der beliebteste Premier|date=18 December 2013|website=revue.lu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202434/http://www.revue.lu/aktuelles/vielleicht-nicht-der-beliebteste-premier/|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://women-leaders.eu/Uploads/Links/Doc/94_1_Aniela%20Bettel_Life%20is%20a%20precious%20gift_Final.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224205/http://women-leaders.eu/Uploads/Links/Doc/94_1_Aniela%20Bettel_Life%20is%20a%20precious%20gift_Final.doc |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> After completing his secondary school studies at the ”Lycée Hélène Boucher” in [[Thionville]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brach |first1=Jean-Luc |title=Quand l’IT rencontre l’espace |trans-title=When IT meets space |url=https://www.itone.lu/actualites/quand-lit-rencontre-lespace |website=www.itone.lu |access-date=18 July 2019 |language=fr |date=25 October 2016 |quote=Le Lycée Hélène Boucher de Thionville est LE lycée de la Grande Région. Grand nombre d’élèves Luxembourgeois et Belges y font ou y ont fait leurs études. Xavier Bettel, entre autre, a été l’un d’entre eux.}}</ref> Bettel obtained a master’s degree in Public and [[European Union law|European Law]] and a [[Master of Advanced Studies|DEA]] in [[Political science|Political Science]] and [[Public law|Public Law]] from [[Nancy 2 University]] in [[Nancy, France]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/10040671|title = Xavier Bettel, un “fêtard” qui se remarquait|date = 5 November 2013|work = L’Essentiel Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.lessentiel.lu/de/news/dossier/neuwahlen/story/Wie-Xavier-Bettel-als-Student-Party-machte-29229643|title = Wie Xavier Bettel als Student Party machte|date = 5 November 2013|work = L’Essentiel Online}}</ref> He also studied [[maritime law]] as well as [[canon law]] at [[Aristotle University]] in [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]], where he was studying thanks to the [[Erasmus Programme]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.programmallp.it/lkmw_file/LLP///erasmus/in%20evidenza/Famous%20Alumni2013/famous_en.pdf |title=Well-known Erasmus students – inspiring careers |page=7 |publisher=Programma LLP}}</ref> For four years in the early 2000s he hosted ”Sonndes em 8”, a weekly talkshow, on the now-defunct private [[T.TV]] television network.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp5xGAkHFww |title=TV Talkshow “Sonndes em 8” [1/2] (2005) |date=2005 |publisher=chienguidelux via [[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/luxemburg-finanzmetropole-im-modellbahn-look-a-468943.html |title=Luxemburg:Finanzmetropole im Modellbahn-Look |first=Susanne |last=Strätz |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Der Spiegel}}</ref> In 2017, he also received an Honorary doctorate from [[Sacred Heart University Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delano.lu/d/detail/news/luxembourgs-prime-minister-becomes-doctor/148510|title=Luxembourg’s Prime Minister becomes “Doctor” – Delano – Luxembourg in English|date=16 June 2017|website=Delano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/xavier_bettel/status/875429220293500929?lang=en|title=Honoured that I have been awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by the Sacred Heart University Luxembourg on their 25. anniversarypic.twitter.com/i5RbQynZzo|first=Xavier|last=Bettel|date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
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==Political life==
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==Political life==
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===Municipal politics===
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===Municipal politics===
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In the
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In the 1999 municipal elections, Bettel was elected to Luxembourg City’s communal council, finishing sixth on the DP’s list. Two years after his election to the local council, on 12 July 2001, he was certified as a [[lawyer]].<ref name=CV /> On 28 November 2005, after the municipal elections in which he was placed fourth on the DP list, Bettel was appointed ”[[Échevin (Luxembourg)|échevin]]” in the council of Luxembourg City.<ref name=CV />
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Following municipal elections on 9 October 2011, Bettel was sworn in as Mayor of Luxembourg on 24 November 2011.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120918042337/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.php “Xavier Bettel – Luxembourg City’s new Mayor”], ”Wort.lu”, 10 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130111194116/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.php “Xavier Bettel sworn in as capital’s mayor”], ”Wort.lu”, 24 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011</ref>
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Following municipal elections on 9 October 2011, Bettel was sworn in as [[List of mayors of Luxembourg City|Mayor of Luxembourg]] on 24 November 2011.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120918042337/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.php “Xavier Bettel – Luxembourg City’s new Mayor”], ”Wort.lu”, 10 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130111194116/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.php “Xavier Bettel sworn in as capital’s mayor”], ”Wort.lu”, 24 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011</ref>
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===National politics===
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===National politics===
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Bettel ran for the Chamber of Deputies in the [[1999
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Bettel ran for the Chamber of Deputies in the [[1999 Luxembourg general election|1999 general election]]; he finished tenth amongst DP candidates in the [[Circonscription Centre (Luxembourg)|Centre]] constituency, with the top seven being elected.<ref>{{cite web|title= 1999: Circonscription Centre|url=http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-legislatives/1999/resultats/circonscriptions/centre/index.html|date=7 April 2009|publisher= Service Information et Presse|access-date = 10 April 2009}}</ref> However, the DP overtook the [[Luxembourg Socialist Workers’ Party]] (LSAP) as the second-largest party; its members formed the majority of the [[Juncker-Polfer Ministry|new government]] as the [[Christian Social People’s Party]]’s (CSV) coalition partners. Thus, with [[Lydie Polfer]] and [[Anne Brasseur]] vacating their seats to take roles in the government, as well as [[Colette Flesch]] not taking her seat so as to focus on her role as [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP), Bettel was appointed to the Chamber of Deputies, starting 12 August 1999.<ref name=CV />
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By the time of the [[2004 Luxembourg general election|2004 general election]], Bettel had significantly consolidated his position; he finished fourth (of the five DP members elected), assuring him a seat in the Chamber of Deputies.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004: Circonscription Centre |url=http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-legislatives/2004/resultats/circonscriptions/centre/index.html |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Service Information et Presse |access-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>
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===Prime Minister===
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===Prime Minister===
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