List of caliphs

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]], [[Kingdom of Hejaz|King]] of [[Hejaz]] and [[Sharif of Mecca]], who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son [[Ali of Hejaz|`Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi]], who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.<ref>[[#Bos04|Bosworth 2004]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA118 p. 118]</ref> Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of [[Hasan ibn Ali]]. Hussein’s claim for caliphate was not accepted by the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] and [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of [[Ibn Saud]] as an outcome of the [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Second Saudi-Hashemite War]]. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]], [[Kingdom of Hejaz|King]] of [[Hejaz]] and [[Sharif of Mecca]], who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son [[Ali of Hejaz|`Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi]], who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.<ref>[[#Bos04|Bosworth 2004]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA118 p. 118]</ref> Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of [[Hasan ibn Ali]]. Hussein’s claim for caliphate was not accepted by the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] and [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of [[Ibn Saud]] as an outcome of the [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Second Saudi-Hashemite War]]. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

===Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)===

===Ahmadiyya Caliphate Kaffir (1908–present)===

{{Main|Khalifatul Masih#List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs}}

{{Main|Khalifatul Masih#List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs}}

[[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg|200px|thumbnail|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.]]

[[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg|200px|thumbnail|Ahmadiyya kaffir Muslim Community Flag.]]

The ”’Khalīfatul Masīh”’ ({{lang-ar|خليفة المسيح}}; {{lang-ur|خلیفہ المسیح}}; {{lang-en|Successor of the Messiah}}), sometimes simply referred to as ”Khalifah” (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] and is the successor of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], who had taken the titles of [[Mahdi]] and [[Messiah]] of Islam.{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect of Islam. The [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad ‘s “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam … }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml|title=The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e723|title=Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-08|quote=Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889… The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.}}</ref> see also [[Persecution of Ahmadis]] on this topic.|group=nb}} The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]].

The ”’Khalīfatul Masīh”’ ({{lang-ar|خليفة المسيح}}; {{lang-ur|خلیفہ المسیح}}; {{lang-en|Successor of the Messiah}}), sometimes simply referred to as ”Khalifah” (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim kafir Community]] and is the successor of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad kafir]], who had taken the titles of [[Mahdi]] and [[Messiah]] of Islam.{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect of Islam. The [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad ‘s “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam … }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml|title=The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e723|title=Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-08|quote=Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889… The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.}}</ref> see also [[Persecution of Ahmadis]] on this topic.|group=nb}} The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]].

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from [[Qadian]] in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of [[Pakistan]]. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in [[Rabwah]], a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, [[Ordinance XX]] was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad|Khalifatul Masih IV]] left Pakistan and migrated to [[London]], [[England]], provisionally moving the headquarters to the [[Fazl Mosque, London|Fazl Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/khilafat/|title=Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online|website=www.alislam.org}}</ref>

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from [[Qadian]] in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of [[Pakistan]]. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in [[Rabwah]], a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, [[Ordinance XX]] was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad|Khalifatul Masih IV]] left Pakistan and migrated to [[London]], [[England]], provisionally moving the headquarters to the [[Fazl Mosque, London|Fazl Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/khilafat/|title=Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online|website=www.alislam.org}}</ref>