Battle of Lake Hód

Despite Karácsonyi’s new research in the early 20th century, later scholars were divided on the question of when the battle took place. [[Bálint Hóman]] put the date to 1280, accepting Gyula Pauler’s argument, in the [[interwar period]], in addition to the first volume of the 1960s academic history series (”Magyarország története 1.: Magyarország története az őskortól 1526-ig”) during the [[Hungarian People’s Republic|Communist regime]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=75}} Historian [[Gyula Kristó]] considered the battle took place in the summer of 1280 (although he mentioned the other theory),{{sfn|Kristó|1981|p=174}} while his frequent scientific opponent [[György Györffy]] narrated the event under the year 1282.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=75}} In his 1977 study, László Blazovich contested Karácsonyi’s arguments regarding the date 1282. He argued the authenticity of all three charters, which suggest that the battle took place in that year, is questionable, while there are other documents, where the military events of the 1280s are mentioned in a different order. Blazovich also questioned the credibility of the victim list of the battle provided by the contemporary [[Simon of Kéza]]’s ”[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum|The Deeds of the Hungarians]]”, because the chronicler presumably “could not distinguish between warriors who had fallen in battle and those who had recovered from their serious injury”. According to Blazovich’s interpretation, there was only a single skirmish between the monarch and the Cumans in the summer of 1280. In a response to the adoption of the Cuman laws, they rebelled against the royal power and devastated the region between the area of rivers Tisza, Maros and [[Körös]] (for instance, they stormed [[Egres Abbey]], Hájszentlőrinc Chapter and Sövényvár Castle). Ladislaus IV gathered his army consisted of nobles from Northeast Hungary and [[Transylvania]], and marched from [[Oradea|Várad]] (today Oradea, Romania) to the area, where he defeated them at the Lake Hód in late October or early November 1280.{{sfn|Blazovich|1977|pp=943–945}}

Despite Karácsonyi’s new research in the early 20th century, later scholars were divided on the question of when the battle took place. [[Bálint Hóman]] put the date to 1280, accepting Gyula Pauler’s argument, in the [[interwar period]], in addition to the first volume of the 1960s academic history series (”Magyarország története 1.: Magyarország története az őskortól 1526-ig”) during the [[Hungarian People’s Republic|Communist regime]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=75}} Historian [[Gyula Kristó]] considered the battle took place in the summer of 1280 (although he mentioned the other theory),{{sfn|Kristó|1981|p=174}} while his frequent scientific opponent [[György Györffy]] narrated the event under the year 1282.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=75}} In his 1977 study, László Blazovich contested Karácsonyi’s arguments regarding the date 1282. He argued the authenticity of all three charters, which suggest that the battle took place in that year, is questionable, while there are other documents, where the military events of the 1280s are mentioned in a different order. Blazovich also questioned the credibility of the victim list of the battle provided by the contemporary [[Simon of Kéza]]’s ”[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum|The Deeds of the Hungarians]]”, because the chronicler presumably “could not distinguish between warriors who had fallen in battle and those who had recovered from their serious injury”. According to Blazovich’s interpretation, there was only a single skirmish between the monarch and the Cumans in the summer of 1280. In a response to the adoption of the Cuman laws, they rebelled against the royal power and devastated the region between the area of rivers Tisza, Maros and [[Körös]] (for instance, they stormed [[Egres Abbey]], Hájszentlőrinc Chapter and Sövényvár Castle). Ladislaus IV gathered his army consisted of nobles from Northeast Hungary and [[Transylvania]], and marched from [[Oradea|Várad]] (today Oradea, Romania) to the area, where he defeated them at the Lake Hód in late October or early November 1280.{{sfn|Blazovich|1977|pp=943–945}}

Several historians – e.g. Gyula Kristó, András Pálóczi Horváth and Rózsa Zsótér – accepted Blazovich’s argument and considered the battle took place in the autumn of 1280.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=76}}{{sfn|Pálóczi Horváth|1989|p=80}}{{sfn|Zsótér|1991|pp=38–39}} Zsótér claimed the battle occurred around 16 or 17 August 1280 or – if the year 1282 is correct – between around September and October 1282 based on the data of King Ladislaus’ itinerary, when the monarch resided in [[Szeged]].{{sfn|Zsótér|1991|pp=38–39}} In contrast, other historians continued to support Karácsonyi’s interpretation and considered 1282 as the year of the clash, for instance, László Solymosi, András Borosy, György Székely and [[Jenő Szűcs]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=76}}{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=428}} Historian Attila Zsoldos rejected Blazovich’s critics in his 1997 study. He emphasized the the reward of those who took part in the battle appears first since 1283 (excluding non-authentic charters), which makes it more likely that the clash took place not long before, the previous year. He also emphasized Simon of Kéza’s reliability with contemporary documents regarding the list of victims, while Zsoldos presented another document, which confirms that John Parasznyai, one of the participants, who was killed in the battle, was still alive in 1281.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|pp=77–79}} Zsoldos provided the following reconstruction after separating the events for 1280 and 1282, respectively: Ladislaus gathered an army around October possibly near Várad and chased the outgoing Cumans as far as Szalánkemén in the autumn of 1280 (he issued his charter there on 11 November) and also crossed the border at the Carpathians.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|pp=86–88}} Accordingly, there were no clashes in that year in Hungary between the king and the Cumans. Zsoldos argued Ladislaus IV successfully persuaded the Cumans to return to Hungary during the military campaign to Transalpina under unknown circumstances.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=89}} Zsoldos considered the rebellion broke out around July 1282 among the Cumans who were forced to return two years earlier. They looted and pillaged the region between the rivers Tisza and Maros. This conflict elevated into the Battle of Lake Hód.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=95}}

Several historians – e.g. Gyula Kristó, András Pálóczi Horváth and Rózsa Zsótér – accepted Blazovich’s argument and considered the battle took place in the autumn of 1280.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=76}}{{sfn|Pálóczi Horváth|1989|p=80}}{{sfn|Zsótér|1991|pp=38–39}} Zsótér claimed the battle occurred around 16 or 17 August 1280 or – if the year 1282 is correct – between around September and October 1282 based on the data of King Ladislaus’ itinerary, when the monarch resided in [[Szeged]].{{sfn|Zsótér|1991|pp=38–39}} In contrast, other historians continued to support Karácsonyi’s interpretation and considered 1282 as the year of the clash, for instance, László Solymosi, András Borosy, György Székely and [[Jenő Szűcs]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=76}}{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=428}} Historian Attila Zsoldos rejected Blazovich’s critics in his 1997 study. He emphasized the the reward of those who took part in the battle appears first since 1283 (excluding non-authentic charters), which makes it more likely that the clash took place not long before, the previous year. He also emphasized Simon of Kéza’s reliability with contemporary documents regarding the list of victims, while Zsoldos presented another document, which confirms that John Parasznyai, one of the participants, who was killed in the battle, was still alive in 1281.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|pp=77–79}} Zsoldos provided the following reconstruction after separating the events for 1280 and 1282, respectively: Ladislaus gathered an army around October possibly near Várad and chased the outgoing Cumans as far as Szalánkemén in the autumn of 1280 (he issued his charter there on 11 November) and also crossed the border at the Carpathians.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|pp=86–88}} Accordingly, there were no clashes in that year in Hungary between the king and the Cumans. Zsoldos argued Ladislaus IV successfully persuaded the Cumans to return to Hungary during the military campaign to Transalpina under unknown circumstances.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=89}} Zsoldos considered the rebellion broke out around July 1282 among the Cumans who were forced to return two years earlier. They looted and pillaged the region between the rivers Tisza and Maros. This conflict elevated into the Battle of Lake Hód sometime between 17 September and 21 October 1282.{{sfn|Zsoldos|1997|p=95}}

==The battle==

==The battle==