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For the girl this is an uneven and precarious process entailing “waves of repression,” the normal outcome of which is, according to Freud, the [[vagina]] becoming “the new leading zone” of sexual sensitivity displacing the previously dominant [[clitoris]] the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child’s early sexual life from the penis. Freud argued this leaves a legacy of [[penis envy]] and emotional difficulties for the girl, in particular ambivalence toward the mother; difficulties that were “intimately related the essence of femininity” and lead to “the greater proneness of women to [[neurosis ]] and especially [[hysteria]].”<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp.403-414 citing ”Three Essay on Sexuality” (1908), ”SE” VII</ref>

For the girl this is an uneven and precarious process entailing “waves of repression,” the normal outcome of which is, according to Freud, the [[vagina]] becoming “the new leading zone” of sexual sensitivity displacing the previously dominant [[clitoris]] the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child’s early sexual life from the penis. Freud argued this leaves a legacy of [[penis envy]] and emotional difficulties for the girl, in particular ambivalence toward the mother; difficulties that were “intimately related the essence of femininity” and lead to “the greater proneness of women to [[neurosis ]] and especially [[hysteria]].”<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp.403-414 citing ”Three Essay on Sexuality” (1908), ”SE” VII</ref>

In Freud’s account of the [[castration complex]] in the psychic development of the girl, the [[vagina]] becomes “the new leading zone” of sexual sensitivity displacing the previously dominant [[clitoris]], the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child’s early sexual life from the penis. This is an uneven and precarious process accompanied by “waves of repression” and entailing the turn away from the mother to the father, leaving a legacy of [[penis envy]]and emotional difficulties for the girl, in particular ambivalence toward the mother, difficulties that were “intimately related the essence of femininity” and lead to “the greater proneness of women to [[neurosis]] and especially [[hysteria]].”<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp.403-414 citing ”Three Essay on Sexuality” (1908), ”SE” VII</ref> In his last paper on the topic Freud concludes that “the development of femininity remains exposed to disturbance by the residual phenomena of the early masculine period… Some portion of what we men call the ‘enigma of women’ may perhaps be derived from this expression of bisexuality in women’s lives.”<ref>Femininity (1932), ”SE” XXII</ref>

In Freud’s account of the [[castration complex]] in the psychic development of the girl, the [[vagina]] becomes “the new leading zone” of sexual sensitivity displacing the previously dominant [[clitoris]], the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child’s early sexual life from the penis. This is an uneven and precarious process accompanied by “waves of repression” and entailing the turn away from the mother to the father, leaving a legacy of [[penis envy]]and emotional difficulties for the girl, in particular ambivalence toward the mother, difficulties that were “intimately related the essence of femininity” and lead to “the greater proneness of women to [[neurosis]] and especially [[hysteria]].”<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp.403-414 citing ”Three Essay on Sexuality” (1908), ”SE” VII</ref> In his last paper on the topic Freud concludes that “the development of femininity remains exposed to disturbance by the residual phenomena of the early masculine period… Some portion of what we men call the ‘enigma of women’ may perhaps be derived from this expression of bisexuality in women’s lives.”<ref>Femininity (1933), ”SE” XXII</ref>

Initiating what became the first debate within psychoanalysis on femininity, [[Karen Horney]] of the Berlin Institute set out to challenge Freud’s account of femininity. Rejecting Freud’s theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or “injury”, of biological asymmetry as Freud held. Horney had the influential support of [[Melanie Klein]] and [[Ernest Jones]] who coined the term “[[phallogocentrism|phallocentrism]]” in his critique of Freud’s position.<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 430–37</ref>

Initiating what became the first debate within psychoanalysis on femininity, [[Karen Horney]] of the Berlin Institute set out to challenge Freud’s account of femininity. Rejecting Freud’s theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or “injury”, of biological asymmetry as Freud held. Horney had the influential support of [[Melanie Klein]] and [[Ernest Jones]] who coined the term “[[phallogocentrism|phallocentrism]]” in his critique of Freud’s position.<ref>Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. ”Freud’s Women”. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 430–37</ref>